राष्ट्रसंत तुकडोजी महाराज

           भारत हा खेड्यांचा देश आहे, हे लक्षात घेऊन ग्रामविकास झाला की राष्ट्राचा विकास होईल, अशी त्यांची श्रद्धा व विचारसरणी होती. त्यांनी समाजातल्या सर्व घटकांतील लोकांचा उद्धार कसा होईल, याविषयी अहर्निश काळजी वाहिली, चिंता केली. ग्रामोन्नती व ग्रामकल्याण हा त्यांच्या विचारसरणीचा जणू केंद्रबिंदूच होता. भारतातील खेड्यांच्या स्थितीची त्यांना पुरेपुर कल्पना होती. त्यामुळं त्यांनी ग्रामविकासाच्या विविध समस्यांचा मूलभूत स्वरुपाचा विचार केला व त्या कशा सोडवाव्यात, याविषयी उपाययोजनाही सुचविली. या उपाययोजना त्यांच्या काळाला तर उपकारक ठरल्याच पण त्यानंतरच्या काळालाही उपकारक ठरल्या. हे आज (त्यांनी आपली जीवनयात्रा संपल्याविनंतरच्या काळातही) तीव्रतेनं जाणवतं. यातून राष्ट्रसंतांच द्रष्टेपण व्यक्त झालं आहे.

         अमरावतीजवळ मोझरीच्या गुरुकुंज आश्रमाची स्थापना हे त्यांच्या आयुष्यातील जसं लक्षणीय कार्य आहे, त्याचप्रमाणं ग्रामगीतेचं लेखन हाही त्यांच्या जीवनकार्यातील अत्यंत महत्वाचा टप्पा. ग्रामगीता ही जणू तुकडोजी महाराजांची वाङमयीन पूर्तीच होय. स्वत:ला ते तुकड्यादास म्हणत कारण भजन म्हणताना ते जी भिक्षा घेत, त्यावरच आपण बालपणी जीवन कंठिलं, ही त्यांची श्रद्धा होती. त्यांचं मूळनाव माणिक होतं पण त्यांचं हे नाव त्यांच्या गुरूंनी अडकोजी महाराज यांनीच योजिलं होतं.

         खेडेगाव स्वयंपूर्ण कसं होईल, याविषयीची त्यांनी उपाययोजना सुचविली, ती अतिशय परिणामकारक ठरली. ग्राम हे सुशिक्षित व्हावं, सुसंस्कृत व्हावं, ग्रामोद्योग संपन्न व्हावं, गावानेच देशाच्या गरजा भागवाव्यात, ग्रामोद्योगांना प्रोत्साहन मिळावं, प्रचारकांच्या रूपानं गावाला नेतृत्व मिळावं, अशीही त्यांची निष्ठा होती. तिचे प्रतिबिंब ग्रामगीतेत उमटलं आहे. देवभोळेपणा, अंधश्रद्धा जुनाट कालबाह्य रूपी नाहीशा व्हाव्यात, याविषयी त्यांनी अविरत प्रयत्न केले.

         सर्वधर्मसमभाव हेही राष्ट्रसंतांच्या विचारविश्वाचं एक वैशिष्ट्यच होतं. त्यासाठी त्या सामुदायिक/सर्वधर्मीय प्राथनेचा आग्रहपूर्वक पुरस्कार केला.

          एकेश्वरवाद ही त्यांनी विवेकनिष्ठ जीवनदृष्टीतूनच पुरस्कारला होता. धर्मातील अनावश्यक कर्मकांडाला त्यांनी फाटा दिला. आयुष्याच्या शेवटच्या काळापर्यंत त्यांनी आपल्या प्रभावी खंजिरी भजनाच्या माध्यमातून त्यांना अभिप्रेत असलेल्या विचारसरणीचा प्रचार पुरस्कार करुन आध्यात्मिक , सामाजिक, राष्ट्रीय प्रबोधन केले. स्वातंत्र्याच्या चळवळीसाठी योग्य अशी पार्श्वभूमी निर्माण व्हावी, यासाठी त्यांना कारावासही भोगावा लागला. अखिल भारतीय पातळीवर त्यांनी साधूसंघटनेची स्थापना केली. गुरुकुंज आश्रमाच्या शाखोपशाखा स्थापन करून त्यांनी शिस्तबद्ध सामाजिक कार्यकर्त्यांची एक फळीच निर्माण केली. गुरुकुंजाशी संबंधित असलेले हे सर्व निष्ठावंत कार्यकर्ते आजही त्यांचं हे कार्य अखंडव्रतासारखं चालवीत आहेत.

           महिलोन्नती हाही तुकडोजी महाराजांच्या विचारविश्वाचा एक लक्षणीय पैलू. कुटुंबव्यवस्था, समाजव्यवस्था, राष्ट्रव्यवस्था ही स्त्रीवर कशी अवलंबून असते, हे त्यांनी आपल्या किर्तनांद्वारे समाजाला पटवून दिलं. त्यामुळं स्त्रीला अज्ञानात व दास्यात ठेवणं कसं अन्यायकारक आहे, हे त्यांनी अत्यंत प्रभावीपणे पटवून दिलं.

           देशातले तरूण हे राष्ट्राचे भावी आधारस्तंभ. ते बलोपासक असावेत म्हणजे ते समाजाचं व राष्ट्राचं संरक्षण करु शकतील. ते नीतिमान व सुसंस्कृतयुक्त कसे होतील, याविषयीचं उपदेशपर व मार्गदर्शनपर लेखन त्यांनी केलं. व्यसनाधीनतेचा तीव्र निषेध राष्ट्रसंतांनी आपल्या लेखनातून केला.

          ऐहिक व पारलौकिक यांचा सुंदर समन्वय राष्ट्रसंतांच्या साहित्यात झाला आहे. त्यांनी मराठीप्रमाणंच हिंदी भाषेतही विपुल लेखन केलं. आजही त्यांचं हे साहित्य आपल्याला मार्गदर्शन करीत आहे, यावरुन त्यांच्या साहित्यात अक्षर वाङमयाची मूल्यं कशी दडली आहेत, याची सहज कल्पना येईल. राष्ट्रपतिभवनात त्यांचे खंजिरी भजन ऐकून राष्ट्रपती राजेंद्रप्रसाद यांनी तुकडोजी महाराजांना राष्ट्रसंत म्हणून संबोधिलं होतं.

राष्ट्रसंत तुकडोजी महाराज आधुनिक काळातील महान संत होऊन गेले. अडकोजी महाराज हे त्यांचे गुरू. विदर्भात त्यांचा विशेष संचार असला तरी महाराष्ट्राभरच नव्हे तर देशभर हिंडून ते अध्यात्मिक सामाजिक व राष्ट्रीय एकात्मतेचं प्रबोधन करीत होते. एवढंच नव्हे तर जपानसारख्या देशात जाऊन त्यांनी सर्वांना विश्वबंधुत्वाचा संदेश दिला.

४ जून ‘पुण्यश्लोक’ अहिल्याबाई होळकर जयंती

मराठय़ांच्या इतिहासात अनेक पराक्रमी सरदार होऊन गेले. त्यामधील होळकर घराण्यातील अहिल्याबाईंचे नाव आजही अनेकांच्या तोंडावर आहे. 

 

अहिल्याबाईंना ‘पुण्यश्लोक’ असेही म्हणतात. कारण त्यांनी केलेले सामाजिक कार्य आजही
अनेकांसाठी आदर्शवत असेच ठरले आहे. घरचा आणि राज्याचा कारभार पाहण्यात
हुशार असलेल्या अहिल्याबाई होळकरांचे साम्राज्य मध्यप्रदेशात असले तरी त्या
मुळच्या मराठवाडय़ातील. बीड जिल्ह्य़ातील चौंडी हे त्यांचे मूळ गाव. माणकोजी
शिंदे-पाटील यांची अहिल्या नावाची ही मुलगी लहानपणापासूनच धाडसी होती.
तसेच राज्यकर्त्यांना आवश्यक असणारे सर्व गुण तिच्याजवळ लहानपणापासूनच
होते.एकदा चौंडी गावात थोरले बाजीराव पेशवे यांच्या सैन्याचा तळ पडला होता. सीना नदीच्या काठी असलेल्या एका देवालयात दर्शनासाठी म्हणून छोटी अहिल्या आपल्या आईबरोबर गेली होती. तेथे नदीच्या वाळूत खेळताना अहिल्येने वाळूचे एक शिवलिंग बनविले. तेवढय़ात सैन्यदलातील एकाचा घोडा उधळला. उधळलेला घोडा आपल्याच दिशेने येत असल्याचे पाहून अहिल्याबरोबरच्या मैत्रिणी भिऊन पळून गेल्या.मात्र अहिल्या मुळीच डगमगली नाही. तिने आपण तयार केलेल्या शिवलिंगावर पालथे पडून त्या शिवलिंगाचे रक्षण केले.

              तेवढय़ात पाठीमागून आलेल्या श्रीमंतांनी थोडय़ाशा जरबेच्या आवाजातच अहिल्येला म्हटले की, पोरी तुला घोडय़ाने तुडवले असते तर? त्यावर अहिल्याबाई आपले डोळे श्रीमंतावर रोखत म्हणाली की, हे शिवलिंग मी घडविले आहे व आपण जे घडविले आहे त्याचे प्राणपणाने रक्षण करावे असे थोरली माणसे सांगतात. मी तेच केले आहे. तिचे बाणेदार उत्तर ऐकूण श्रीमंत तर खूष झालेच परंतु त्यांच्याबरोबर असलेले सरदार मल्हारराव होळकर यांनी छोटय़ा अहिलेला आपली सून करून घेण्याचे ठरविले. त्याप्रमाणे मल्हाररावांनी तिला आपली सून करून घेतली आणि अहिल्याबाईंनी देखील नंतर मल्हाररावांचा निर्णय सार्थ ठरविला व होळकर घराण्याची कीर्ती सर्वदूर पोहोचविली.

History of Maharashtra (Quick Facts)

• Jorwe in the Ahmadnagar district provide many evidences of ancient civilization in Maharashtra. 
• The Chinese traveler Hiun Tsang, who visited this region in 640-641 BC, was quite appreciative of the prosperity of the region in his writings.
• During third and fourth centuries BC, the region of Konkan remained under the control of the Mauryans, whose policies led to great advancements in the fields of trade and Buddhist learning in the region. 
• After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, the Satwahanas (230 BC - AD 225) came to rule this region. Pratishthan or modern Paithan was their capital. This great empire crumbled because of internal feuds in the ranks of vassals.
• In succession came the great rulers of the Vakataka, Chalukya, and Rashtrakuta empires making Maharashtra a great center of culture and art. 
• Yadavas were the last of these kingdoms that lost their power in the early 12th century and a long period of Muslim rule started in Maharashtra. 
• Allauddin Khilji was the first ruler to understand the value of the Deccan as the key to extending influence over south India and consecutive rulers from Delhi till the 17th century tried their best to keep this region under their control.
• From the middle of the 17th century, a new group of warrior people came to dominate the scene in Maharashtra and elsewhere in India called Marathas. 
• The origin of Marathas is still debatable, but what is known is that they stole the limelight from the great Mughals. It was only after defeating the Marathas that the English could establish their hegemony on India. 
• Shivaji was the first great ruler of Marathas and it was he who paved the way for future Maratha influence on India. The heroism and greatness of Shivaji is still remembered by the people of this country and his stories are now part of the great Indian folklores.

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MPSC related FAQs

Q1) What are the services offered by the MPSC Civil Services Examination?
A.1) Deputy Collector, Deputy Suprintendent of Police (DySP), Assistant Commissionor of Police (ACP), Sub-registrar Cooperative Societies, Sales Tax Officer (STO), Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Block Development Officer (BDO), Assistant Regional Transport Officer (ARTO), Education Officer, Tahasildar, Nayab Tahasildar, Taluka Inspector of Land Records (TILR), Mantralaya Section Officer.


Q2) What is the structure of MPSC Preliminary Examination?
A.2) One question paper of 200 marks, 200 multiple choice type questions, 2 hours. Medium - in English and Marathi. Break-up of the question paper : Arts / Social Sciences - 30 marks, Intelligence Test - 50 marks, Current Affairs - 30 marks, Science and Technology - 30 marks, Commerce and Economics - 30 marks, Agriculture - 30 marks. Grand Total - 200 marks. Comprehensive course at ChanakyaMandal Mandal Pariwar contains training for all above components.

Q3) What is the structure of MPSC Mains Examination?
A.3) General Studies Paper 1 - 100 marks, General Studies Paper 2 - 100 marks, English (compulsory) - 100 marks, Marathi (compulsory) - 100 marks, First Optional Subject - 200 marks, Second Optional Subject - 200 marks. Grand Total (of written exam) 800 marks. Personality test (interview : 200 marks). List of Optional subjects : same as that of UPSC. Comprehensive course at ChanakyaMandal Mandal Pariwar contains training for all above components.

Q4) Who can appear for MPSC?
A.4) Age : 19 to 30 years for open catagory, relaxed by 5 years for SC/ST and OBC, Qualification : degree from any Indian University.

English (Compulsory) (Code No : 003)

Standard  : H.S.C.			Total Marks : 200
Nature of Paper : Conventional Type			Duration : 3 Hours
	1)	Essay : The candidates are expected to write a narrative or a descriptive essay on one of the given topics in about 300 words.  It is intended to judge the candidate's knowledge of the topic, manner of presentation and also competence in using correct English.		(Marks : 30)
	2)	Letter writing : The candidates will be asked to write two types of letters, i.e. an informal letter to parents/ to a friend and a formal letter – an official/ business letter or a letter to the editor of a newspaper on a given topic in about 100 words.  The candidate will be judged for content, manner of presentation and observance of the formal requirements of letter writing.		(Marks : 20)
	3)	Communication Skills : The candidates are expected to write on each of the following communicative activities (in about 100-150 words). The purpose is to judge the candidate's ability to communicate effectively in different cont1exts: a)                A report of an event or a function or official work done. b)                A notice or an appeal or a warning or a Press Release for the Media (Radio, T.V., Press). c)     (i)   Dialogue writing : A dialogue between two persons or an    appeal or a discussion on a topical issue. (ii)               Speeches : formal speeches – welcome / send-                 off/inaugural speech etc. (d) An individual conversation with a group of people -- (1)              at a Job Interview. (2)              at a Press Conference. (3)              with a delegation (4)              at a project site --  e.g.: (i) camps being constructed for cattle in a drought-affected area, (ii) temporary shelters being constructed for earthquake-affected people. (5)              at a place where some problematic situation has occurred -- e.g.: natural calamities like floods, earthquakes etc. (e) A Group Discussion, a Meeting, a Teleconference on a topical issue.		(Marks : 50)
	4)	Precis-writing : A passage of about 300 words will be given for precis-writing.  The candidates are expected to reduce the passage to one-third of its original length in their own words.  The purpose of precis-writing is to judge the candidate’s ability to comprehend, analyse and summarise the main ideas in the passage in their own words to  one-third of the given number of words therein.		(Marks : 20)
	5)	Comprehension : A passage of about 300 words will be given with a set of questions based thereon.  The purpose of the activity is to assess the candidate's competence in understanding and answering questions based on the passage.		(Marks : 20)
	6)	Paraphrase of a Prose Passage : A prose passage of about 300 words will be given to be paraphrased in order to judge the candidate’s ability to understand, analyse and express clearly and in simple language the ideas in the passage in his/her own words.		(Marks : 20)
	7)	Grammar : i)    Transformation of Sentences,     ii)  Correction of Sentences, iii)  Use of Tenses,  iv)   Punctuation,  v)  Word-formation,  vi)  Use of Phrases.		(Marks : 40)

General Studies – II (Code No : 009)

General Studies – II

(Code No : 009)

Standard : Degree	Total Marks : 200
Nature of Paper : Conventional Type	Duration : 3 Hours

Note :	1)	Answers to this paper must be written either in English or in Marathi.
	2)	The Nature and standard of questions in the paper will be such that a well educated person will be able to answer without any specialised study and its intention is to test candidate’s general awareness of a variety of subjects.
	3)	This paper will test the candidate’s ability to comprehend, to analyse, to criticise subject matter related to the topics/sub topics mentioned below.
	4)	It is expected from candidates to study the latest and recent developments and happenings pertaining to the topics/sub topics mentioned below.

Section - A ( Marks : 40 )
India in World Affairs
1)	Foreign Policy of India :
	.01)	Basic Principles, Objectives, and Determinants of foreign policy.
	.02)	India and Neighbours: Conflict and Co-operation.
	.03)	India and Indian Ocean.
	.04)	Foreign Economic Policy of India: Aid, Trade and economic cooperation.
2)	Nuclear Policy of India :
	.01)	Salient features.
	.02)	Determinants of Nuclear Tests: Pokhran I (1974) and Pokhran II (1998)
	.03)	Recent Trends in Nuclear Policy such as NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) and CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.)
3)	India's External and Internal Security Concerns :
	.01)	Terrorism, Insurgency, Regional and Sub-regional conflicts; Socio-economic imbalances; Naxalite Movements, Separatist Movements, Communal Violences and Caste Conflicts.
	.02)	Law Enforcement Mechanism and Judiciary. a)     Existing Laws and Regulations with reference to Maharashtra. b)     Intelligence and Security Agencies. c)     Treaties of Extradition and Interpol.
4)	International Affairs and Institutions :
	.01)	Emerging important issues and events in international relations (1990 onwards) : Political, Strategic and Economic considerations.
	.02)	Regional and International Institutions: a)     SAARC, ASEAN, NAM, Commonwealth of Nations and European Union. b)     United Nations System: Its Charter and Organs, (General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council and International Court of Justice) c)     UN Agencies: UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDP, UNICEF, UNHCR, UN Peace Keeping Forces, UNCHR, ILO and WHO.
Section – B ( Marks : 40 )
Indian Economy, Planning, Trade, Rural Development
5)	Planning : Process - Types - Review of India's First to Tenth Five year Plans.  Evaluation. Social and Economic Indicators of Development.  State and Local Level Planning.  Decentralisation  - 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. Indian Economy - trends in Sectoral Development and profile of service Sector. Challenges in Indian Economy - Poverty, Unemployment and Regional Imbalances.
6)	Urban and Rural Infrastructure Development: Need and Significance.  Growth and Development of Social and economic infrastructure such as Energy, Water supply and sanitation, Housing, Transport (Road, Ports etc.)  Communications (Post and Telegraphs, Telecommunication), Network of Radio, TV, Internet.  Crises, problems related to Infrastructure in India.  Policy alternatives - Public-Private Sector Partnership.  FDI and Infrastructure Development - Privatisation of infrastructure development.  Centre and State Government Policies for Infrastructure Development.  Transport and Housing (Urban and Rural). Problems - Centre and State Government initiatives and programmes.
7)	Industry : Need - importance and role of industries in economic and social development, Growth Pattern, Structure of Large-scale Industries in India with special reference to Maharashtra. Small-scale, Cottage and Village industries Problems Prospects of Small scale, cotage and village industry. Impact of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on SSIs.  State Government Policy, measures and programmes for development, promotion and monitoring of SSIs (with special reference to Maharashtra) Export Potential of Small scale and cottage industries.
8)	Co-operation: Concept, Meaning, Objectives, Old and new principles of co-operation.  Growth and diversification of co-operative movement in India. Co-operative institution in Maharashtra – types, role, importance and diversification. State policy and Co-operative sector - Legislation, Supervision, Audit and Aid.  Problems of Co-operatives in Maharashtra.  Prospects of Cooperatives in the era of global competition.
9)	Economic reforms: Background, Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation – (concept, meaning, scope and limitations). Economic Reforms at Centre and State Level.  WTO Regime - Provisions and its implications and impact on Indian Economy, issues and problems.
10)	International Trade and International Captial Movements: Emerging Trends in era of globalisation.  Growth, Composition and Direction of India's Foreign Trade. Foreign trade policy of India - Export Promotion.  WTO and International Trade. Foreign Capital Inflows - Composition and Growth - FDI. e-Commerce.  Role of Multinationals - International Financing Agencies – (IMF, World Bank and IDA).  International Credit Ratings.
11)	Public Finance: Sources of revenue - tax, non-tax and public debt of Centre and States in India.  Public Expenditure (Centre and States) - Growth and causes. Public Expenditure Reform - Performance Based Budgeting and Zero - Based Budgeting.  review of  Tax Reforms at national and State level. VAT. Public debt - Growth, Composition and Burden.  Problem of States' Indebtedness to Centre. Fiscal Deficits - Concepts, Control of Deficits - Centre, State and RBI Initiatives. Fiscal Reforms in India - Review at Centre and State Level.
Section - C ( Marks : 40 )
Natural Resource Development
12)	Agriculture: Importance of Agriculture in National Economy - Causes of low productivity - Government policies, schemes and programmes for agriculture production and developments such as land reforms and land utilisation, soil and water conservation, rainfed farming, Irrigation and its methods, Agriculture inputs (improved seeds, Fertilizers and Manures, Pest Management, Mechanization of Agriculture). Problem of rural indebtedness, Agriculture credit- need, importance and Financial Institutions involved therein. Agriculture pricing- components, factors affecting prices of various Agriculture produces - Govt. support prices of various agriculture produces, Subsidies. Agriculture Marketing - present status, Value added products.  Role of Govt and its institutes in agriculture marketing.
13)	Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development: Its role, importance and significance in National Economy, Livestock in India particularly in Maharashtra, Govt policies, schemes and programmes for livestock development including livestock breeds, feeds and fodder, Healthcare - Role of milk, meat and poultry products in human nutrition, White Revolution, Co-operative dairy enterprises in Maharashtra.
14)	Development of fisheries:  Its role and significance in national economy, scope and development of fisheries in India and particularly in Maharashtra, Causes of low productivity and Govt efforts to overcome it, export of marine products.
15)	Horticulture: Importance and scope of fruit and plantation crops with reference to Maharashtra, Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition, Major fruit Plants, vegetable crops and flower plants of Maharashtra, Horticultural crops suitable for dryland and rainfed condition. Problems and its solutions of low productivity. Processing, packaging, transportation, marketing of Horticultural Products. Government schemes and programs for Horticulture development and marketing, Government Agencies and Institutes engaged in Horticulture development.
16)	Forestry: Its role in enhancing the quality of environment, Causes and effects of deforestation, Problems and issues related to forestry - Government policies and afforestration programmes (Social forestry, Agroforestry), Utilisation of forest products, Role of Government, Voluntary Organisation and local community in forest development.
17)	Food and Nutrition: Food - trends in Food production and consumption in India, First and ensuing second Green Revolutions, Self-sufficiency in food, Problem of food security, Problems and issues of storage, procurement, distribution, import and export of food. Calorific value of foods and its measurement, Energy and nutrient needs of human body for better health and balanced diet - common nutritional problems in India and its causes and effects, Govt. Policies, schemes, programs such as PDS, Food for work, Mid-day Meal Scheme and other nutritional programs.
Section - D ( Marks : 40 )
Scientific and Technological Developments
18)	Energy: Conventional and non-conventional energy sources - Potential of Solar, Wind, Biogas, Biomass, Geothermal and other renewable energy sources. Introduction to solar gadgets viz solar cooker, water heater etc. Biogas- principle, and process. Problems of Energy Crises, Govt. Policies and programs for power generation. Nuclear Power Program, Thermal Power Program, Hydroelectric Power program, Power distribution and National Grid. Agencies and Institutions engaged in Energy security, Research and development.
19)	Computer: Role of computer in modern society,  its applications in various spheres of life such as data communication, networking and web technologies, Cyber crime and its prevention.
20)	Information Technology: as a new industry - use of I.T. in various services and faculties of knowledge. Growth and present status of I.T. industry in India, Govt. programs such as Media Lab Asia, Vidya Vahini, Gyan Vahini, Community Information Centre etc. Major issues in IT industry - its prospects.
21)	Space Technology: Indian space programmes, Artificial satellites - types and applications, Indian Artificial satellites for telecommunication, television, education, broadcasting, weather forecasting, GPS, disaster warning. Indian missile program etc. Remote sensing, GIS and its application in weather forecasting, Disaster warning, water, soil, mineral resources development, agriculture and fisheries development, urban planning, ecological studies, GS and GIS.
22)	Water Resources: Significance of water in human & national development, National and State Water Policy, Water Resources - potential, planning and development in India particularly in Maharashtra,  Intrastate and Interstate River water disputes, Various irrigation projects, National programme of flood management, Groundwater development in India particularly in Maharashtra. National and State Agencies engaged in water resource development and research.
23)	Ocean Development: Role of the seas in climatic changes and monsoon in India, Marine living and non-living resources development, causes and effect of sea pollution and coastal degradation, Coastal and Marine Area Management, CRZ Regulation, Coastal Community Development.  Govt. programs and activities for ocean resources development, Ocean observing and research.
24)	Meteorology: Earth atmosphere - its composition, extent and structure. Atmospheric weather variables (Parameters), Weather forecasting system, cloud formation and movement - Monsoon model - crop yield model.
25)	Environment: Ecosystems - Biodiversity and balance ecosystem - Biosphere Reserve (wetlands, mangroves coral reefs). Pollution: Types and sources, its impact on environment and related problems, Govt. efforts to prevent and control of pollution, Govt. legislation and programs.  Sustainable development in field of agriculture, industry, urban habitant, etc. Govt. and Voluntary agencies engaged in Environmental protection activities at national and international level.
26)	Biotechnology: Its potential to improve human life and national economy through agricultural, industrial development and employment generation. Biotechnology as an essential and important tool of natural resource development. Areas of application - Agriculture, Animal breeding and Veterinary health-care, Pharmaceutics, Human healthcare, Food technology, energy generation, environment protection etc. Role and efforts of government in promoting, regulating and developing biotechnology in country.  Ethical, Social, Legal issues related to biotechnological development, possible adverse effects of biotechnological development.
Section – E ( Marks : 40 )
Statistical Analysis, Graphs and Diagrams
27)	Classification and Tablulation of Data given in descriptive form.
28)	Computation and interpretation of Mean, Median, Mode of Data given.
29)	Conversion of Tabular data / information in a) Diagram - Venn, bar, Pie diagram. b) Graph - Line graph, Histogram, Polygon.
30)	Interpretation of Data / Information given in Tabular and Diagramatic / Graphical Form.
31)	Pointing out deficiencies, limitations, in consistencies in the given Data.
32)	To prepare Algorithm and Flow chart for solving simple problems in organisation.